{"id":104904,"date":"2019-11-20T09:47:04","date_gmt":"2019-11-20T08:47:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/judith-and-holofernes\/"},"modified":"2019-11-20T09:47:04","modified_gmt":"2019-11-20T08:47:04","slug":"judith-and-holofernes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/en\/judith-and-holofernes\/","title":{"rendered":"Judith and Holofernes"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-story\"><em>The Story<\/em><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The story of <strong>Judith and Holofernes<\/strong> has always captivated and intrigued, especially among artists of every era and movement, who have given their own interpretation to this singular and poignant tale. The story is recounted in the <em>Book of Judith<\/em> in the Christian Bible, not the Hebrew one, and opens with the military portrait of the <strong>King of the Assyrians<\/strong>. The latter aspired to conquer the Mediterranean lands (from Lebanon to Lower Egypt) and, having received refusals from the peoples to join him, sought revenge by sending an army led by <strong>Holofernes<\/strong>, <strong>general of the army<\/strong>. Holofernes immediately appeared <em>arrogant<\/em> and <em>blasphemous<\/em>, and it is here that <strong>Judith<\/strong>, a wealthy widow descended from Israel, appears for the first time:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p>\u201cI want to accomplish a deed that will be passed down from generation to generation to the children of our people.\u201d (8, 32-34).<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Judith left the city and headed towards the Babylonian camp, and <strong>Holofernes<\/strong>, enchanted by her beauty, prepared a <strong>private banquet<\/strong> for her, got drunk, and fell asleep. It was then that Judith took the sword and with all her strength struck his neck twice, severing his head. After placing <strong>the head in her bag<\/strong>, she freely fled from the military camp with her maid and arrived in the city displaying her trophy; subsequently, it was exhibited, forcing the Babylonian people to flee.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-interpretation-of-artists\"><em>The Interpretation of Artists<\/em><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<section id=\"uagb-columns-59ed18a7-be68-4665-9b28-2164ed007100\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-columns uagb-columns__wrap uagb-columns__background-undefined uagb-columns__stack-mobile uagb-columns__valign-undefined uagb-columns__gap-10 alignundefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-columns__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-columns__inner-wrap uagb-columns__columns-2\">\r\n<div id=\"uagb-column-bfd474c0-dd37-45b8-851d-d1b80b1c0d40\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-column uagb-column__wrap uagb-column__background-undefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__inner-wrap\">\r\n<p>From this tale derives the iconography of the most famous works in art history: from <strong>Caravaggio<\/strong> to <strong>Artemisia Gentileschi<\/strong>, from <strong>Michelangelo<\/strong> to <strong>Klimt<\/strong>. Its first representation dates back to <strong>Donatello<\/strong>, around 1455, two years after the Turkish-Ottoman war waged by the Church to defeat the &#8220;infidel&#8221; Turks. The iconography has a clear allusion to the defeat of the Turkish empire at the hands of the Church, just as Judith killed Holofernes and ended the suffering. In <strong>Donatello&#8217;s<\/strong> work, one can observe Judith&#8217;s thoughtful gaze, almost as if the violence is the result of a tragic fate that is above the simple will of individuals.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"uagb-column-448f9f80-eafa-4bf6-8a30-941f6ac3dade\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-column uagb-column__wrap uagb-column__background-undefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__inner-wrap\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1829\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/blog-artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/giuditta-donatello.jpg?fit=1022%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Donatello<\/strong>, <em>Judith and Holofernes<\/em>, 1452, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence (Detail of Judith)<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Only in the 17th century<\/strong> do its representations become even ferocious, and on the canvases, the <strong>act of decapitation<\/strong> makes its appearance. <strong>Caravaggio<\/strong> was the first to focus attention on the main scene in a gruesome and bloody manner, capturing it at the very moment of the brutal execution. When Caravaggio worked on this canvas, now admired at <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33r3jFP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Palazzo Barberini (opens in a new tab)\"><strong>Palazzo Barberini<\/strong><\/a>, we are in the midst of the Counter-Reformation: the Christian church is trying to change its priorities and wants to reconnect with the faithful to defeat the Protestant threat. Moreover, <strong>Caravaggio<\/strong> used the iconography of <strong>Holofernes<\/strong> to <em>self-portrait<\/em> as a testament to his constant fear of death. In fact, it was known to all that Caravaggio led a <strong>tumultuous and dangerous life<\/strong>, frequenting brothels, getting drunk, and causing brawls. It was a true fixation for him, so much so that on several occasions he dressed as the dead or killed character.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1804\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog-artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/2533-Caravaggio-Giuditta.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"523\" height=\"392\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Michelangelo Merisi<\/strong> known as <strong>Caravaggio<\/strong>, <em>Judith and Holofernes<\/em>, ca. 1599, <br \/>Oil on canvas, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33r3jFP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Palazzo Barberini (opens in a new tab)\">Palazzo Barberini<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>In the case of the artist <strong>Artemisia Gentileschi<\/strong>, we find a similar situation: after having <strong>suffered a rape<\/strong> at the hands of <strong>Agostino Tassi<\/strong>, a well-known artist in the Roman scene and a friend of her father Orazio, she harbored feelings of <strong>anger<\/strong> and <strong>frustration<\/strong> that flowed into her work Judith and Holofernes, exhibited at the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsupp.com\/it\/MuseoCapodimonte\/Artworks\/_\/882\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Museo di Capodimonte in Naples (opens in a new tab)\">Museo di Capodimonte in Naples<\/a><\/strong>, supporting the representation filled with rage and passion of the protagonist.<\/p>\r\n\n\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1807\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/blog-artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/3.-Artemisia-Gentileschi-Giuditta-e-Oloferne-1612-1613-olio-su-tela.jpg?fit=804%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"522\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Artemisia Gentileschi<\/strong>, <em>Judith and Holofernes<\/em>, Oil on Canvas, 1612 &#8211; 13, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsupp.com\/it\/MuseoCapodimonte\/Artworks\/_\/882\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte (opens in a new tab)\">Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\r\n<p>Until this moment, the story had been represented either in the <strong>moment before<\/strong> or, more frequently, <strong>after the decapitation<\/strong>, which marks the true defeat of the powerful. Each interpretation combines extreme physical effort with the emotional turmoil to which Judith has been subjected, which are exalted through expressions of <strong>pride and dignity<\/strong>, as can also be seen in the works of <strong>Klimt<\/strong>, a well-known celebrator of the female figure. Each artist approached the theme with <strong>extreme cynicism<\/strong>: Judith represents <em>the allegory<\/em> of the patriotic struggle in defense of her territory and is capable of protecting the city from the <strong>political<\/strong> and <strong>religious invader<\/strong>. Some read into the story a kind of <strong>revenge<\/strong> of <em>women against men<\/em>, represented here by <strong>Holofernes<\/strong>: <em>overbearing, vicious, and disrespectful<\/em> towards the latter.<\/p>\r\n\n\n\r\n<section id=\"uagb-columns-600a888d-d042-4aaf-824d-aa603c8e81c1\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-columns uagb-columns__wrap uagb-columns__background-undefined uagb-columns__stack-mobile uagb-columns__valign-undefined uagb-columns__gap-10 alignundefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-columns__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-columns__inner-wrap uagb-columns__columns-2\">\r\n<div id=\"uagb-column-fc1f0a2d-d92a-46f6-b2bb-796170856381\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-column uagb-column__wrap uagb-column__background-undefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__inner-wrap\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1836\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/601-Piazzetta-1-2-872x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"839\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Giambattista Piazzetta<\/strong>, <em>Judith and Holofernes<\/em>, 1715 &#8211; 20, Oil on canvas, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsupp.com\/it\/GalleriaCorsini\/Artworks\/_\/807\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Galleria Corsini<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\r\n<div id=\"uagb-column-47a8ed47-2688-45d9-ae40-9597beaf4cb4\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-column uagb-column__wrap uagb-column__background-undefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__inner-wrap\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"665\" height=\"839\" class=\"wp-image-1837\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/vincenzo-catena-13-665x839-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/vincenzo-catena-13-665x839-3.jpg 665w, https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/vincenzo-catena-13-665x839-3-600x757.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/vincenzo-catena-13-665x839-3-238x300.jpg 238w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Vincenzo Catena<\/strong>, <em>Judith and Holofernes<\/em>, 1520, Oil on Canvas, <br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsupp.com\/it\/QueriniStampalia\/Artworks\/_\/1438\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fondazione Querini Stampalia<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\n\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\n\n\r\n<p>Moreover, depending on the artists, the <strong>weapon wielded<\/strong> by Judith varies from the <em>large knife<\/em> (<strong>Mantegna<\/strong>) to the <em>short sword<\/em> (<strong>Donatello<\/strong>), from the <em>sword<\/em> (<strong>Caravaggio<\/strong>) to the <em>great sword<\/em> (<strong>Artemisia Gentileschi<\/strong>) and the less realistic long sword; in the works of <strong>Giambattista Piazzetta<\/strong>, at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsupp.com\/it\/GalleriaCorsini\/Artworks\/_\/807\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Galleria Corsini (opens in a new tab)\"><strong>Galleria Corsini<\/strong><\/a>, and Vincenzo Catena, at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsupp.com\/it\/QueriniStampalia\/Artworks\/_\/1438\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Fondazione Querini Stampalia (opens in a new tab)\"><strong>Fondazione Querini Stampalia<\/strong><\/a>, we clearly see the great sword. <strong>Judith<\/strong> is identified with <em>Justice<\/em> (the long sword was the typical weapon of the executioner in capital punishments); at the same time, Judith is a <strong>symbol of the Lord&#8217;s power<\/strong>, of the victory of the weak over the strong, analogous to the episode of David against Goliath. In the early 20th century, <strong>Judith<\/strong> became an <em>icon<\/em> of decadence, symbolizing the dominating woman to whom man submits.<\/p>\r\n\n\n\r\n<p>Certainly, the <strong>figure of Judith<\/strong> has accompanied, throughout history, various artistic interpretations in relation to the historical, religious period and personal events that have involved the artists themselves: she has been the central character of revolts, power grabs, and political and religious invasions, becoming the allegorical figure par excellence.<\/p>\r\n\n\n\r\n<section id=\"uagb-columns-31ce1d89-d5b5-4a64-91a9-1b37b576ed57\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-columns uagb-columns__wrap uagb-columns__background-undefined uagb-columns__stack-mobile uagb-columns__valign-undefined uagb-columns__gap-10 alignundefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-columns__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-columns__inner-wrap uagb-columns__columns-2\">\r\n<div id=\"uagb-column-27a85614-2f0d-4a81-bba5-c1b926f14aed\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-column uagb-column__wrap uagb-column__background-undefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__inner-wrap\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831\" src=\"https:\/\/blog-artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Gustav_Klimt_Judith_II-476x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"1024\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Gustav Klimt<\/strong>, <em>Judith<\/em>, 1909, International Gallery of Modern Art in Venice<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\n\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\r\n<div id=\"uagb-column-b7ef5915-a650-46f9-8d8f-296fcf414e9b\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-column uagb-column__wrap uagb-column__background-undefined\">\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__overlay\"> <\/div>\r\n<div class=\"uagb-column__inner-wrap\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1832\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Gustav_Klimt_039-2-1-501x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"1024\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><strong>Gustav Klimt<\/strong>, <em>Judith<\/em>, 1901, Belvedere Museum, Vienna<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\n\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tmnf_excerpt\"><div class=\"tmnf_excerpt\"><p>The Story The story of Judith and Holofernes has always captivated and intrigued, especially among artists of every era and movement, who have given their own interpretation to this singular and poignant tale. The story is recounted in the Book of Judith in the Christian Bible, not the Hebrew one, and opens with the military &hellip;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":1827,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[902],"tags":[2969,927,2964,2967,2965,2966,791,2968],"class_list":["post-104904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artsupp-tells-you","tag-bloodthirsty-en","tag-caravaggio-en","tag-heroine-en","tag-holofernes-en","tag-judith-en","tag-michelangelo-en","tag-modern-art","tag-painters-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Judith and Holofernes - Artsupp<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Judith and Holofernes: the story and interpretations of the most gruesome and interesting tale throughout art history.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.artsupp.com\/en\/judith-and-holofernes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Judith and Holofernes - 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